Mass Transport in Shallow Turbulent Wake Flow by Planar Concentration Analysis Technique

A planar concentration analysis (PCA) system is used for observing the transport and mixing of a tracer mass in a shallow turbulent free-surface wake flow of a large cylindrical obstacle. The nonintrusive, fieldwise PCA measuring technique is applied to evaluate depth-averaged mass concentrations by making use of light attenuation due to absorption and scattering processes related to a dissolved tracer mass. The scalar fields are decomposed into a low-frequency quasiperiodic part, the coherent flow, and a randomly fluctuating part. From accompanying near-surface velocity measurements, large-scale coherent structures are identified and related to the coherent mass fields. This allows one to assess the role of the large-scale vortices for advection and diffusion in shallow wake flows. The time–mean wake flow displays a self-similar spanwise distribution both for mass and velocity. The longitudinal development of shallow wakes initially shows the growth of unbounded wakes; in the wake far field an attenuated behavior applies.     

Fertigation in Furrows and Level Furrow Systems. II: Field Experiments, Model Calibration, and Practical Applications

Furrow fertigation can be an interesting practice when compared to traditional overland fertilizer application. In the first paper of this series, a model for furrow fertigation was presented. The simulation model combined overland water flow (Saint-Venant equations), solute transport (advection-dispersion), and infiltration. Particular attention was paid to the treatment of junctions present in level furrow systems. In this paper, the proposed model is validated using five furrow fertigation evaluations differing in irrigation discharge, fertilizer application timing, and furrow geometry. Model parameters for infiltration and roughness were estimated using error minimization techniques. The error norm was based on observed and simulated values of advance time, flow depth, and fertilizer concentration. Model parameters could be adequately predicted from just one discharge experiment, although the use of more experiments resulted in decreased error. The validated model was applied to the simulation of a level furrow system from the literature. The model adequately reproduced irrigation advance and flow depth. Fertigation events differing in application timing were simulated to identify conditions leading to adequate fertilizer uniformity.     

Contact Interface Model for Shallow Foundations Subjected to Combined Cyclic Loading

It has been recognized that the ductility demands on a superstructure might be reduced by allowing rocking behavior and mobilization of the ultimate capacity of shallow foundations during seismic loading. However, the absence of practical reliable foundation modeling techniques to accurately design foundations with the desired capacity and energy dissipation characteristics and concerns about permanent deformations have hindered the use of nonlinear soil–foundation–structure interaction as a designed mechanism for improving performance of structural systems. This paper presents a new “contact interface model” that has been developed to provide nonlinear relations between cyclic loads and displacements of the footing–soil system during combined cyclic loading (vertical, shear, and moment). The rigid footing and the soil beneath the footing in the zone of influence, considered as a macroelement, are modeled by keeping track of the geometry of the soil surface beneath the footing, along with the kinematics of the footing–soil system, interaction diagrams in vertical, shear, and moment space, and the introduction of a parameter, critical contact area ratio (A/Ac); the ratio of footing area (A) to the footing contact area required to support vertical and shear loads (Ac). Several contact interface model simulations were carried out and the model simulations are compared with centrifuge model test results. Using only six user-defined model input parameters, the contact interface model is capable of capturing the essential features (load capacities, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and deformations) of shallow foundations subjected to combined cyclic loading.     

高镁锂比盐湖卤水镁锂分离工艺

以酸化提硼后卤水为原料, 采用饱和氯化钾溶液作为沉镁剂, 使用三步结晶法进行了沉淀镁并富集锂的研究。结果表明, 通过3段蒸发结晶析出光卤石, 可以有效地实现镁锂分离:添加95%理论用量的氯化钾可以把原卤水中的镁锂质量比由10.1∶1降低到0.39∶1, 锂在滤液中总回收率为77.90%, 并使锂浓度从10 g/L富集到49.30 g/L。     

一里坪卤水蒸发过程固相夹湿率及物料平衡

研究了富硼锂的青海一里坪盐湖卤水自然蒸发过程的固相夹湿率和物料平衡,计算了各分离阶段和蒸发全程的蒸水率、析盐率、成卤率,分析了整个蒸发过程物料守恒情况。结果表明,各个分离阶段的蒸水率、析盐率和成卤率三者之和均接近100%,整个蒸发过程物料守恒。固相夹湿率呈现的规律性与结晶盐类型及特征有关。本文可为盐湖卤水蒸发过程析出混合固相的组成分析计算、精确配盐以及固、液相中硼、锂等有益组分的分布及流失评估提供依据。     

堰塞湖坝体动力特性及加速度分布规律大型振动台模型试验研究

 2008年汶川八级地震形成了至少257个堰塞坝,主震后发生的大量余震可能会影响堰塞坝的动力安全状态。堰塞坝体的动力特性参数(包括自振频率和阻尼比等)和加速度分布规律是堰塞坝地震安全研究的基础内容。通过大型振动台模型试验,研究在余震作用下模型堰塞坝体的动力特性参数、加速度分布规律及二者的影响因素,并根据动力相似律,计算原型坝体的动力特性参数。共进行2组不同材料的振动台模型试验,分别模拟含黏粒较多且颗粒较小(坝体I)和基本不含黏粒且颗粒较大(坝体II)的2种坝体。在不同地震波形输入、不同加速度峰值和不同水位条件下进行振动台试验。研究成果表明：(1) 模型坝体具有较稳定的X向和Z向自振频率和阻尼比。(2) 先期振动使坝体自振频率降低,阻尼比有增大趋势;坝体I的自振频率小于坝体II。水位变化对2种坝体自振频率的影响规律不一致。(3) 加速度放大倍数随高程增大而增大,最大加速度发生在坝顶处;相同高程测点加速度放大倍数最大值出现在上游或下游靠近坝坡表面处,即“表面放大”效应明显,说明坝坡表面容易受地震作用破坏。(4) 所含频谱成分与坝体自振频率接近的地震波会引起最大的加速度反应。Z向振动使坝体测点X向加速度放大倍数增大。加速度放大倍数一般随输入加速度峰值的增大而减小。     

断陷湖盆可容空间转换与油气分布——以东营凹陷沙三中亚段为例

东营凹陷沙三中亚段层序由湖进体系域和湖退体系域组成,构造沉降为湖进体系域主控因素,可容空间在盆地范围统一增加,欠补偿沉积形成暗色泥岩烃源岩;沉积物供给为湖退体系域主控因素,在盆地缓坡中部和陡坡中部形成可容空间转换带,该带外侧可容空间减小,内侧可容空间增加。平面上,油气藏的形成和分布与可容空间的分布具明显关系,可容空间转换带是油气成藏最有利的地区,特别是岩性油气藏集中分布的地区,可容空间减小带主要为构造–断块油气藏集中分布区,而可容空间增加带主要分布着滑塌浊积砂体形成的油气藏。     

Mechanism of high selectivity in ceria based shallow trench isolation chemical mechanical polishing slurries

dl-aspartic acid as a removal rate selectivity enhancer for shallow trench isolation chemical mechanical polishing slurries was investigated over a pH range. The effects of downward pressure, rotational speed of the turntable as well as the ceria abrasive loading were also examined. The selectivity is very sensitive to changes in the pressure but not to changes in the rotational speed. Select experiments were also conducted with other types of abrasives with and without the additive. A comparison of the pK_a values of the amino acid with the variation of the selectivity with pH indicates that the form of amino acid plays a vital role in determining the polishing behavior and the selectivity. Further, the results corroborate the hypothesis that chemically active sites on the abrasive may be blocked by certain forms of the amino acids, leading to changes in the selectivity.     

中国盐湖资源的开发历程及现状

对中国盐湖资源的研究和产业化现状进行了阐述,着重分析了盐湖资源的分布状态、发展历程、技术现状及其存在问题和解决对策,以及科研和产业化的发展方向。通过对国内盐湖的研究和产业化的分析表明,盐湖资源开发利用的前景十分广阔,但盐湖的开发要注意资源的综合利用,目前要在提取工业钾盐的基础上大力发展镁盐工业,逐步提高锂、硼及其他稀散资源的利用能力,并且在今后的发展中也要重视非化学资源的开发。     

Flood Simulation Using a Well-Balanced Shallow Flow Model

This work extends and improves a one-dimensional shallow flow model to two-dimensional (2D) for real-world flood simulations. The model solves a prebalanced formulation of the fully 2D shallow water equations, including friction source terms using a finite volume Godunov-type numerical scheme. A reconstruction method ensuring nonnegative depth is used along with a Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the contact wave restored for calculation of interface fluxes. A local bed modification method is proposed to maintain the well-balanced property of the algorithm for simulations involving wetting and drying. Second-order accurate scheme is achieved by using the slope limited linear reconstruction together with a Runge-Kutta time integration method. The model is applicable to calculate different types of flood wave ranging from slow-varying inundations to extreme and violent floods, propagating over complex domains including natural terrains and dense urban areas. After validating against an analytical case of flow sloshing in a domain with a parabolic bed profile, the model is applied to simulate an inundation event in a 36?km2 floodplain in Thamesmead near London. The numerical predictions are compared with analytical solutions and alternative numerical results.